<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3//EN">

<HTML>

<HEAD>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="grammer.css" />
<TITLE>English Grammar</TITLE>
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="English, English language,
English grammar, spelling, pronunciation, verb, noun, preposition, adjective, adverb, present, past, future, subjunctive, passive, tense, conjunction, clause">
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="A detailed explanation of all the important points of English grammar.">
<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
<META NAME="RATING" CONTENT="GENERAL">
<META NAME="REVISIT-AFTER" CONTENT="14 DAYS">
<META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="ALL">
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<div id="ad">
  <img src="../img/english.png"/>
  <script type="text/javascript"><!--
  google_ad_client = "pub-1126154564663472";
  /* ENGLISH 728x90 */
  google_ad_slot = "0181880783";
  google_ad_width = 728;
  google_ad_height = 90;
  //-->
  </script>
  <script type="text/javascript"
  src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
  </script>
</div>

<div id="adhispanic">



<TABLE border=0 cellPadding=2 cellSpacing=0 width="100%">
<TR><TD CLASS="navbar">
<TABLE><TR><TD><FONT face=verdana size=1><A HREF="gramdex.html">Home</A> | 
<A HREF="gramtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <A HREF="gramind.html">Index</A></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>
</TD></TR></TABLE><P>

<TABLE cellpadding=5 cellspacing=0 width="90%"><TR><TD CLASS="chtitle">
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">
<CENTER><B>CHAPTER 13.&nbsp; NOUNS: THE FORMATION OF PLURALS</B></CENTER></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<!--page 148-->
A </B><B>noun</B> is a word used as the name of a person or a thing. In the
following examples, the nouns are underlined.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; He opened the <U>parcel</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; She is a <U>student</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The <U>weather</U> is warm.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A <U>cat</U> is sitting on the <U>steps</U>.<P>

<A NAME="1"></A>
<CENTER><B>1. Proper nouns</B></CENTER><BR>

Names of individual persons or things are referred to as <B>proper nouns</B>. 
In English, proper nouns must begin with a capital letter. The
underlined words in the following sentences are proper nouns.<BR>
e.g. The capital of <U>England</U> is <U>London</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; My friend, <U>George</U>, is an <U>American</U>.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="2"></A>
<CENTER><B>2. Countable nouns</B></CENTER><BR>

<B>Countable</B> nouns are nouns which can form a plural, and which can be
preceded by <B>a</B>, <B>an</B>, or a number. In the following examples, the
countable nouns are underlined.<BR>
e.g. A <U>bus</U> is coming.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; You may need an <U>umbrella</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Here are two <U>books</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Twenty <U>students</U> are present.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="3"></A>
<CENTER><B>3. The formation of plurals</B></CENTER><BR>

In general, when a countable noun refers to two or more things, it must
be put into the plural. In English, the plural of most countable nouns
is formed by adding <B>s</B>. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; hat</TD><TD>&nbsp; hats</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; letter</TD><TD>&nbsp; letters</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pencil</TD><TD>&nbsp; pencils</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; student</TD><TD>&nbsp; students</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
It has already been explained that a verb must agree with its subject.
When the subject of a verb is a singular noun, the verb must be in the
third person singular. The third person singular is the form of the
verb used with the personal pronouns <B>he</B>, <B>she</B>, and <B>it</B>.<BR>
<BR>
When the subject of a verb is a plural noun, the verb must be in the
third person plural. The third person plural is the form of the verb
used with the personal pronoun <B>they</B>. In the following examples, the
verbs are printed in bold type and their subjects are underlined.<BR>
<BR>
<U>Singular Subject</U>: The <U>book</U> <B>is</B> interesting.<BR>
<U>Plural Subject</U>: The <U>books</U> <B>are</B> interesting.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 149-->
<U>Singular Subject</U>: A <U>duck</U> <B>was flying</B> overhead.<BR>
<U>Plural Subject</U>: Two <U>ducks</U> <B>were flying</B> overhead.<BR>
<BR>
<U>Singular Subject</U>: One <U>student</U> <B>lives</B> here.<BR>
<U>Plural Subject</U>: Three <U>students</U> <B>live</B> here.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#1">Exercise 1</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3a"></A>
<B>a. Nouns ending in ch, s, sh, x or z</B><BR>
For nouns ending in <B>ch</B>, <B>s</B>, <B>sh</B>, <B>x</B> or <B>z</B>, the plural is formed
by adding <B>es</B>. The reason for this is that these words would be
difficult to pronounce if only <B>s</B> were added. The ending <B>es</B> is
pronounced as a separate syllable. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; branch</TD><TD>&nbsp; branch<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; match</TD><TD>&nbsp; match<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; bus</TD><TD>&nbsp; bus<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pass</TD><TD>&nbsp; pass<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; dish</TD><TD>&nbsp; dish<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; marsh</TD><TD>&nbsp; marsh<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ax</TD><TD>&nbsp; ax<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; fox</TD><TD>&nbsp; fox<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; buzz</TD><TD>&nbsp; buzz<B>es</B></TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
It should be noted that when a plural is formed by adding <B>s</B> to words
ending in <B>ce</B>, <B>ge</B>, <B>se</B> or <B>ze</B>, the final <B>es</B> is pronounced as a
separate syllable. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; place</TD><TD>&nbsp; plac<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; voice</TD><TD>&nbsp; voic<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; change</TD><TD>&nbsp; chang<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; page</TD><TD>&nbsp; pag<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; house</TD><TD>&nbsp; hous<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; phrase</TD><TD>&nbsp; phras<B>es</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; size</TD><TD>&nbsp; siz<B>es</B></TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
In each of the preceding examples, the singular noun consists of one
syllable, whereas the plural noun consists two syllables.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#2">Exercise 2</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3b"></A>
<B>b. Nouns ending in y</B><BR>
Nouns ending in <B>y</B> preceded by a consonant usually form the plural by
changing the <B>y</B> to <B>i</B> and adding <B>es</B>. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; candy</TD><TD>&nbsp; candies</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; city</TD><TD>&nbsp; cities</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; lady</TD><TD>&nbsp; ladies</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; story</TD><TD>&nbsp; stories</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<!--page 150-->
Nouns ending in <B>y</B> preceded by a vowel usually form the plural simply
by adding <B>s</B>. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; boy</TD><TD>&nbsp; boys</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; day</TD><TD>&nbsp; days</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; key</TD><TD>&nbsp; keys</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; toy</TD><TD>&nbsp; toys</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#3">Exercise 3</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3c"></A>
<B>c. Plurals of proper nouns</B><BR>
Proper nouns form plurals following the rules given above, except that
proper nouns ending in <B>y</B> always form the plural simply by adding <B>s</B>,
even when the <B>y</B> is preceded by a consonant. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Jill</TD><TD>&nbsp; Jills</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Tom</TD><TD>&nbsp; Toms</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; George</TD><TD>&nbsp; Georges</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Grace</TD><TD>&nbsp; Graces</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Jones</TD><TD>&nbsp; Joneses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Max</TD><TD>&nbsp; Maxes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; May</TD><TD>&nbsp; Mays</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Nancy</TD><TD>&nbsp; Nancys</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Sally</TD><TD>&nbsp; Sallys</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#4">Exercise 4</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3d"></A>
<B>d. Nouns ending in f or fe</B><BR>
Some English nouns ending in <B>f</B> or <B>fe</B> change the <B>f</B> to <B>v</B> when
forming the plural. For instance, the following nouns ending in <B>f</B>
form the plural by changing the <B>f</B> to <B>v</B> and adding <B>es</B>:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; calf</TD><TD>&nbsp; calves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; elf</TD><TD>&nbsp; elves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; half</TD><TD>&nbsp; halves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; leaf</TD><TD>&nbsp; leaves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; loaf</TD><TD>&nbsp; loaves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; self</TD><TD>&nbsp; selves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sheaf</TD><TD>&nbsp; sheaves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; shelf</TD><TD>&nbsp; shelves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; thief</TD><TD>&nbsp; thieves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wolf</TD><TD>&nbsp; wolves</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>

<!--page 151-->
In addition, the following nouns ending in <B>fe</B> form the plural by
changing the <B>f</B> to <B>v</B> and adding <B>s</B>:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; knife</TD><TD>&nbsp; knives</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; life</TD><TD>&nbsp; lives</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wife</TD><TD>&nbsp; wives</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
There are also a few nouns ending in <B>f</B> which can form the plural in
two different ways. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; hoof</TD><TD>&nbsp; hoofs <B>or</B> hooves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; scarf</TD><TD>&nbsp; scarfs <B>or</B> scarves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; staff</TD><TD>&nbsp; staffs <B>or</B> staves</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wharf</TD><TD>&nbsp; wharfs <B>or</B> wharves</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
Most other nouns ending in <B>f</B> or <B>fe</B> form the plural simply by
adding <B>s</B>.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#5">Exercise 5</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3e"></A>
<B>e. Nouns ending in o</B><BR>
Some English nouns ending in <B>o</B> form the plural by adding <B>s</B>, some
form the plural by adding <B>es</B>, and some can form the plural by adding
either <B>s</B> or <B>es</B>. The following fairly commonly used nouns form the
plural by adding <B>es</B>:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; archipelago</TD><TD>&nbsp; archipelagoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; cargo</TD><TD>&nbsp; cargoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; echo</TD><TD>&nbsp; echoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; hero</TD><TD>&nbsp; heroes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; innuendo</TD><TD>&nbsp; innuendoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; mosquito</TD><TD>&nbsp; mosquitoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; potato</TD><TD>&nbsp; potatoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; tomato</TD><TD>&nbsp; tomatoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; tornado</TD><TD>&nbsp; tornadoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; torpedo</TD><TD>&nbsp; torpedoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; veto</TD><TD>&nbsp; vetoes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; volcano</TD><TD>&nbsp; volcanoes</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
Most other nouns ending in <B>o</B>, particularly those of Spanish or
Italian origin, can form the plural simply by adding <B>s</B>; however
a good dictionary should be consulted in cases of doubt. For example:<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 152-->
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; albino</TD><TD>&nbsp; albinos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; alto</TD><TD>&nbsp; altos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; casino</TD><TD>&nbsp; casinos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; piano</TD><TD>&nbsp; pianos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; radio</TD><TD>&nbsp; radios</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ratio</TD><TD>&nbsp; ratios</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; silo</TD><TD>&nbsp; silos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; solo</TD><TD>&nbsp; solos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sombrero</TD><TD>&nbsp; sombreros</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; soprano</TD><TD>&nbsp; sopranos</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; studio</TD><TD>&nbsp; studios</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#6">Exercise 6</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3f"></A>
<B>f. Foreign words</B><BR>
Many words from other languages have been adopted into the English
language. Most of these form the plural by adding <B>s</B> or <B>es</B>, but
some, particularly Greek and Latin words used for scientific purposes,
form the plural in the same way that they do in the original language. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; analysis</TD><TD>&nbsp; analyses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; axis</TD><TD>&nbsp; axes</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; basis</TD><TD>&nbsp; bases</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; crisis</TD><TD>&nbsp; crises</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; criterion</TD><TD>&nbsp; criteria</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; honorarium</TD><TD>&nbsp; honoraria</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; hypothesis</TD><TD>&nbsp; hypotheses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; medium</TD><TD>&nbsp; media</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; nebula</TD><TD>&nbsp; nebulae</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; nucleus</TD><TD>&nbsp; nuclei</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; oasis</TD><TD>&nbsp; oases</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; parenthesis</TD><TD>&nbsp; parentheses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; phenomenon</TD><TD>&nbsp; phenomena</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; spectrum</TD><TD>&nbsp; spectra</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; stimulus</TD><TD>&nbsp; stimuli</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; stratum</TD><TD>&nbsp; strata</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; synopsis</TD><TD>&nbsp; synopses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; synthesis</TD><TD>&nbsp; syntheses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; thesis</TD><TD>&nbsp; theses</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; vertebra</TD><TD>&nbsp; vertebrae</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#7">Exercise 7</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3g"></A>
<B>g. Hyphenated nouns</B><BR>
In the case of nouns formed from two or more words joined by hyphens,
usually only the last word forms a plural. However, there are a few
cases in which only the first word forms a plural. For example:<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 153-->
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; brother-in-law</TD><TD>&nbsp; brothers-in-law</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; daughter-in-law</TD><TD>&nbsp; daughters-in-law</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; father-in-law</TD><TD>&nbsp; fathers-in-law</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; mother-in-law</TD><TD>&nbsp; mothers-in-law</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; runner-up</TD><TD>&nbsp; runners-up</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sister-in-law</TD><TD>&nbsp; sisters-in-law</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; son-in-law</TD><TD>&nbsp; sons-in-law</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3h"></A>
<B>h. Numbers and letters</B><BR>
Numbers, letters, and other symbols can form plurals by adding <B>'s</B>. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; 3</TD><TD>&nbsp; 3's</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; b</TD><TD>&nbsp; b's</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; %</TD><TD>&nbsp; %'s</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3i"></A>
<B>i. Irregular plurals</B><BR>
The English language has not always used <B>s</B> to form plurals. There are
still a few words surviving from Old English, which do not use <B>s</B> to
form the plural. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; child</TD><TD>&nbsp; children</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; foot</TD><TD>&nbsp; feet</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; goose</TD><TD>&nbsp; geese</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; tooth</TD><TD>&nbsp; teeth</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; louse</TD><TD>&nbsp; lice</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; mouse</TD><TD>&nbsp; mice</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; ox</TD><TD>&nbsp; oxen</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; man</TD><TD>&nbsp; men</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; woman</TD><TD>&nbsp; women</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
Nouns ending in <B>man</B> usually form the plural by changing <B>man</B> to <B>men</B>. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; gentleman</TD><TD>&nbsp; gentlemen</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; policeman</TD><TD>&nbsp; policemen</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; policewoman</TD><TD>&nbsp; policewomen</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
A few nouns do not change in the plural. For example:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Singular</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Plural</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; deer</TD><TD>&nbsp; deer</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sheep</TD><TD>&nbsp; sheep</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; salmon</TD><TD>&nbsp; salmon</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex13.html#8">Exercise 8</A>.

<P>
<TABLE background="" border=0 cellPadding=2 cellSpacing=0 width="100%">
<TR><TD CLASS="navbar">
<TABLE><TR><TD><FONT face=verdana size=1><A HREF="gramdex.html">Home</A> | 
<A HREF="gramtoc.html">Table of Contents</A> | <A HREF="gramind.html">Index</A>
</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE></TD><TD CLASS="navbar">
<TABLE align=right><TR><TD><FONT face=verdana size=0><B><A HREF="gramex13.html">Next Page</A></B></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>
</TD></TR></TABLE><P>


</div>


</BODY>
</HTML>
